Next I paint the foliage and grass in the mid ground cliffs using a combination of ultramarine blue, cadmium yellow, cadmium orange, yellow oxide. The yellow oxide and cadmium orange helps to earth the greens and make them look more nature, it also reduces the chroma a little. I add a little more lighter green into the cliffs and add some of the reddish brown foliage using a combination of burnt sienna, cadmium orange, a little quinacridone magenta and ultramarine blue.

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Terrace at Sainte Adresse” is the most representative work of this period. The bourgeois scene is developed under a strong “plein air” light. The clear limits between land, sea and sky divide the composition, vertically organized by the two flags fluttered by the ocean breeze. The painting is so delightful that we are immediately tempted to sit on one of the empty chairs to enjoy this sunny Sunday afternoon. A similar theme, but with a very different composition, is found in “Sailing at Sainte-Adresse” (1867, New York, Metropolitan Museum of Art) Certainly there is much influence of Turner in this work, both in the atmospheric effect and in the almost contradictory role of the sun, striking but almost powerless in the middle of the vast haze, an effect that recalls the colossal “Hannibal crossing the Alps” by the English painter. But Monet’s impressionist stroke goes even further, giving the surface of the canvas -especially the lower part- an almost abstract quality.

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Claude Monet: “Cabane des douaniers, Varengeville” (1882) – Philadelphia, Art Museum ·· Claude Monet: “Cabane des douaniers, effet du matin” (1882) – Private collection The works Monet painted in Sainte-Adresse in the second half of the 1860s represent a momentary change in his representation of the sea. Compared with the wild seascapes of previous years (a style that Monet would later resume), here Monet painted the sea as an instrument of entertainment for the bourgeoisie, in a style that can be related with the paintings created for the “Salon des Artistes”, a “genre” that the artist had been developing in previous years, finished with the colossal “Le Déjeuner sur l’herbe”, first exhibited in 1866. Claude Monet – Jardin a Sainte-Adresse – 1867

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The French artist made another trip to England in 1899-1900, in his mature years. And although Monet’s visit to the British Islands will always be remembered for the spectacular and famous views of the Houses of Parliament in London, his first stay is a turning point in the biography of the French painter due to the very important influence of Turner in his artistic oeuvre. Claude Monet: “Mill near Zaandam” (1871) – Private collection Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape”, Art critic Louis Leroy wrote about this canvas when it was exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1877. And this is just an example of how most of the critics of the time reacted to this painting, and, by extension, to the whole Impressionist movement (a movement that in fact owes its name to this painting). It is not surprising, then, that nobody offered 1,000 francs, the asking price for the small work. Claude Monet – Impression soleil levant – 1872 Now for the sea, now you may be wondering how you would paint a large body of water and not get bogged down in the complexities of the waves and light hitting the water. Well, I keep it simple!Having established the darkest values in the painting I move on to the sky. I want to keep the colours in the painting as cohesive and harmonious as possible, so I use the same colours I used in the cliff shadows as I do for the cloud shadows. Again I mix a combination of ultramarine blue, burnt sienna, quinacridone magenta and titanium white but I use much more titanium white. I paint the sky with ultramarine blue and titanium white. In general I am trying to keep it simple with the colour mixing by using fewer colours. The benefits of this is that the colour mixtures look cleaner.

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Although not as famous as the well-know series listed above, the analysis of the “Cabane des douaniers” is fascinating. For example, in an example exhibited at the Philadelphia Museum of Art the composition is virtually identical to that of the already commented “Cliffs near Dieppe”, while in an example belonging to an American private collection the dramatic effect of the composition is not only created by the verticality, but it is also reinforced by the asymmetry caused by the diagonal of the cliff. Claude Monet: “Cabane des douaniers at Varengeville” (1882) – Boston, Museum of Fine Arts Two years later, Monet rented for three months a small castle in Antibes, in the French Riviera. The artist immediately fell in love with the landscape –“so full of light” – of the Mediterranean, and with the turquoise and pink tones of the Mediterranean light. Between 1881 and 1883 Monet made a series of trips to several coastal towns in Normandy, such as Dieppe, Pourville or Trouville, where the landscapes were enough attractive to satisfy his creative appetite. Unlike in his former seascapes, here Monet seemed to focus more on the coastal landscape than in the ocean itself, taking advantage of the spectacularity of the rugged Normandy coast and its dramatic cliffs. Claude Monet: “Cliffs near Dieppe” (1882) – Zurich, Kunsthaus Almost all conventional seascapes are inevitably horizontally conceived, interpreting the horizon, the limit between sea and sky, as the key element in the composition. Many of Monet works from this period are unique for creating an asymmetrical vertical composition. A good example of this is “Cliffs near Dieppe” (1882, Zurich Kunsthaus Zurich) in which the two traditional horizontal planes (sky and sea) are broken by the dramatic cliff, dividing the composition into two vertical sections (land/cliff and sea). This effect is also notorious in “Beach of Etretat” (1883, Paris, Musée d’Orsay) or the famous “The Manneporte”, in its various versions, but it only reached its maximum effect in the series of paintings we are going to analyze now. Before I began the painting I sketched out the composition and then a final sketch. I’d always recommend sketching before you begin a painting so you can create a good composition before you start.

The relationship between Monet and the sea began as soon as the young artist moved, along with his family, to the coastal town of Le Havre, Normandy, in the mid-1850s. In these early years Monet did not feel an immediate attraction for “plen air” painting, and he focused in drawing caricatures of neighbors and acquaintances. But his young talent caught the attention of a painter who had established himself in Le Havre years earlier, Eugene Boudin, still considered one of the greatest seascape painters of the 19th century. After a few months, the master convinced the young artist to accompany him on his outings to paint outdoors. The tenacity of Boudin would not be in vain, and Monet recognized, several years later: “If I became a painter, it was thanks to Boudin” I’m using a 25cm x 50cm canvas. I prepared it with a layer of burnt umber which helps with tone and colour. Now I prepared a whole batch of these canvas’s months ago and I mainly use either burnt sienna or burnt umber for an under painting, however I will not be using burnt umber in this painting. I explain how to paint the cliffs and how to make the foliage on the cliffs recede in the distant landforms. I show you how to paint the sea and simplify the complexities of the moving water in a manner that still gives the appearance of a realistic ocean. I explain how to get the tonality of the painting correct, show you how to mix a few colours and much more. Alcoholic and impulsive, Jongkind impressed the young Monet with the effects of light and atmosphere in his seascape paintings. The influence of the Dutch painter is clearly perceivable in works like “Pointe de la Hève at Sainte-Adresse” (1864, Currier Museum of Art), with its careful and strongly horizontal representation of the sky and the atmosphere. This painting was admitted in the Salon of 1865. Note the realism of the work and the use of very definite brushstrokes, which Monet later changed in works such as “Rough sea at Etretat” (1868, Paris, Musée d’Orsay)