The largest structures in the fluid portion of the milk are "casein micelles": aggregates of several thousand protein molecules with superficial resemblance to a surfactant micelle, bonded with the help of nanometer-scale particles of calcium phosphate. Each casein micelle is roughly spherical and about a tenth of a micrometer across. There are four different types of casein proteins: αs1-, αs2-, β-, and κ-caseins. Most of the casein proteins are bound into the micelles. There are several competing theories regarding the precise structure of the micelles, but they share one important feature: the outermost layer consists of strands of one type of protein, k-casein, reaching out from the body of the micelle into the surrounding fluid. These kappa-casein molecules all have a negative electrical charge and therefore repel each other, keeping the micelles separated under normal conditions and in a stable colloidal suspension in the water-based surrounding fluid. [22] [85] Fresh goats' milk is sometimes substituted for breast milk, which introduces the risk of the child developing electrolyte imbalances, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, and a host of allergic reactions. [17] Food product for humans The Holstein Friesian cow is the dominant breed in industrialized dairy farms today A bowl of milk for the shaman rite; Buryatia, Russia

a b "milk – Search Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on May 25, 2017 . Retrieved January 30, 2018. a b c d Arterbery, Andrea (July 15, 2016). "The Benefits of Applying Milk to Your Hair and Skin". www.allure.com. Allure. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020 . Retrieved February 9, 2019. Otter, Chris (2020). Diet for a large planet. USA: University of Chicago Press. p.115. ISBN 978-0-226-69710-9.Stannard, Hayley J.; Old, Julie J. (2023). "Wallaby joeys and platypus puggles are tiny and undeveloped when born. But their mother's milk is near-magical". The Conversation. a b Peterson, Hayley (February 3, 2015). "We tried Coca-Cola's new milk that costs twice as much as regular – here's the verdict". Business Insider. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015 . Retrieved April 19, 2015. The consumption of milk between species is not unique to humans. Seagulls, sheathbills, skuas, western gulls and feral cats have been reported to directly pilfer milk from the elephant seals' teats. [166] [167] [168] [169] Jewish/Kosher milk Tritylodontid cynodonts seem to have displayed lactation, based on their dental replacement patterns. [123] Bovine growth hormone supplementation Nieuw (en peperduur): kaas van varkensmelk – Plezier in de Keuken". Plezier in de Keuken. August 26, 2015. Archived from the original on January 1, 2018 . Retrieved January 30, 2018.

O'Connor, George (March–April 1981). "The Basics of Beefalo Raising". Mother Earth News (68). Archived from the original on May 4, 2007 . Retrieved February 8, 2011. Anthony, D.W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05887-0. Greger, Michael (January 2001). "Paratuberculosis and Crohn's Disease: Got Milk?" (PDF). Vegan Outreach. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 18, 2011 . Retrieved February 8, 2011.Report on the Food and Drug Administration's Review of the Safety of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin". US Food and Drug Administration. April 23, 2009. Archived from the original on August 23, 2016 . Retrieved August 25, 2016. Because of the uniqueness in this brand, and their changes over the years, I’m going to answer a few FAQs before jumping into the ingredients and nutrition facts. NotMilk FAQs Donkey and horse milk have the lowest fat content, while the milk of seals and whales may contain more than 50% fat. [103] Milk composition analysis, per 100grams Yogurt and Other Cultured Dairy Products" (PDF). National Dairy Council. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 26, 2005. Kurlansky, Mark. Milk: A 10,000-Year History (2019); also published as Milk!: A 10,000-Year Food Fracas (2019)

Sherratt, Andrew (1981). "Plough and pastoralism: aspects of the secondary products revolution". In Hodder, I.; Isaac, G.; Hammond, N. (eds.). Pattern of the Past: Studies in honour of David Clarke. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.261–305. ISBN 978-0-521-22763-6. Further information: Breastfeeding and Lactation Breastfeeding to provide a mother's milk A goat kid feeding on its mother's milkMain, Emily (November 30, 2009). "Chocolate Milk Debate Rages On". Rodale News. Archived from the original on August 15, 2010 . Retrieved August 28, 2010. The females of all mammal species can, by definition, produce milk, but cow's milk dominates commercial production. In 2011, FAO estimates 85% of all milk worldwide was produced from cows. [53] Human milk is not produced or distributed industrially or commercially; however, human milk banks collect donated human breastmilk and redistribute it to infants who may benefit from human milk for various reasons (premature neonates, babies with allergies, metabolic diseases, etc.) but who cannot breastfeed. [54] Kamila, Avery Yale (November 8, 2020). "Americans have been enjoying nut milk and nut butter for at least 4 centuries". Portland Press Herald. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021 . Retrieved January 6, 2021. Uruakpa, F.O.; Ismond, M.A.H.; Akobundu, E.N.T. (2002). "Colostrum and its benefits: A review". Nutrition Research. 22 (6): 755–67. doi: 10.1016/S0271-5317(02)00373-1. The most durable form of milk is powdered milk, which is produced from milk by removing almost all water. The moisture content is usually less than 5% in both drum- and spray-dried powdered milk.