In this study, the energy transfer characteristics of the half-bridge equalizer are analyzed, and a phase shift control strategy is proposed to realize the rapid energy transfer between the primary and secondary sides of the transformer under the condition of the high switching frequency. As a result, each of the cells has the same SOC during charging and discharging, even in conditions of high dispersion in capacity and internal resistance. I B 11 = A 2 R Φ T S + A 1 − A 2 4 R T S − τ [ ( A 1 + A 2 2 R − i ac 1 ( t a 0 ) ) ( 1 − e − Φ T s τ ) + ( A 1 − A 2 2 R − i ac 1 ( t a 1 ) ) ( 1 − e − ( 0. This method can be subdivided into five methods: the shunt inductor, boost shunting, multiple transformers, multi secondary windings transformer, and switched transformer ones. Figure 10 and Figure 11 are the battery voltage curves under charging and discharging, respectively.

Although the equalizer shows the advantage in the equilibrium speed, the cost is relatively high suffering from an extra snubber circuit which is used to decrease the spike of the switch in fly-back mode. Furthermore, the sum of the conduction time and the cut-off time is the time of the switching period, then Equations (8) and (9) can be derived, respectively.

In Proceedings of the 29th Chinese Control and Decision Conference, Chongqing, China, 28–30 May 2017. Some examples are credits for purchase, access to shared travel lanes, exemption from inspections, and reduction of registration fees, among others [ 11, 12]. An Approach to the Design and the Interactions of a Fully Superconducting Synchronous Generator and Its Power Converter. It is also related to the switching frequency f s of the equalizer, shift ratio Φ, leakage inductance L of transformer and equivalent resistance R and other factors.

The increase in temperature has caused the disappearance of animal and plant species, defrosting of glaciers, sea level rise, extreme weather events and many other phenomena that threaten life on our planet as we know it.It is well known that batteries are indeed the main hurdle to driving EVs and, as stated above, the main issue for the electronics industry is the cell equalization [ 16, 36]. Forward Converter Current Fed Equalizer for Lithium Based Batteries in Ultralight Electrical Vehicles. Due to the low voltage and insufficient capacity of a single cell, lithium-ion batteries are usually connected in series and in parallel as a battery pack or battery module to meet the demands of high power and large capacity for energy storage systems or electric vehicles [ 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. However, the membership functions and the rule table need to be designed to comply with the system specifications, and the calculation of the function is more complex so it is difficult to implement by a low-cost MCU with a simple calculation.

It may result in problems in reliability and safety and may lower the energy utilization of the battery pack.Inverse transfer of energy between battery cells in the half-bridge will increase its voltage difference. Increase the phase shift angle between u 1, and u 2, absorption and release of energy in battery monomer between groups will be increased in a switching cycle accordingly. A Novel High-Efficiency Double-Input Bidirectional DC/DC Converter for Battery Cell-Voltage Equalizer with Flyback Transformer.

If the components in the circuit are all ideal and there is no loss in the circuit, the input power is equal to the output power as in Equation (6). The most viable solution for this problem is not found by modifying the chemistry of the battery, but it is found in the electronic industry.In this structure, the balancing current that is the average input current and average output current of the batteries could be regarded as the average current of the inductor conducted in the rising time and falling time intervals, respectively.